“Photography is a small voice. I believe in her. If it is well conceived, sometimes it lets itself be heard”
Portraying injustices is not something new. From the early years of the 20th century to the present, many photographers have been concerned with leaving their testimony. But can you try to reform, to straighten out the world through a photograph?
You will be surprised by the number of photographers who have tried to persuade the need to change the reality that surrounds us with their images. In these cases, photography is intended to make amends, to denounce certain situations and to provoke responses.
From the world to utopia
The term documentary photography refers to images made with the intention of reflecting the world, respecting the facts and seeking veracity. Therefore, documentary photography is an image that confirms, that certifies an event and that is based on its ability to bring reality closer. This does not mean that the documentary photo is the whole truth, nor the only photographic possibility. Likewise, there must be a dissemination of these images, a public to which to question.
Utopian documentaryism is part of documentary photography, but it goes further. His photographs are taken with the intention of stating something, of showing reality, but not only, but rather they trust in the capacity of conviction that an image can have, its persuasive capacity to improve the world.
And why can a photograph reach us so much? On the one hand, the mechanical component of photography (the camera) makes the perceived facts more credible. On the other hand, photography is considered, socially, as more accurate. The photographer is oriented towards reality, obtaining an image that, due to its analogy with what is portrayed, will be synonymous with veracity. Added to this is the idea that in order to take that image, the photographer had to be an eyewitness, he had to be there.
The beginnings of documentary photography
The first images made with a camera were obtained almost two centuries ago. And since its inception, photography debated between being documentary, approaching reality and representing the facts, or artistic, expressing feelings and fabricating the scenes. That is, truth or beauty.
However, the documentary intention in photography did not emerge until the end of the 19th century and the first years of the 20th. The beginnings are located in New York, by the hand of Jacob August Riis (1849-1914) and of lewis hine (1874-1940). Both took photographs of social themes with the ultimate intention of publicizing certain inequalities in order to reform them. It should not be overlooked that in these years the transition to an industrialized society was generating great inequalities.
In 1890 Jacob A. Riis, an immigrant of Danish origin, aware of the limits of the written word to describe events, began to take photographs showing the vulnerability and living conditions of urban immigrants.
A few years later he published in New York How does the other half live?. The book had great significance and generated an urban reform in the less favored areas of the citysuch as the construction of playgrounds or garden areas.
At the turn of the 20th century, Lewis Hine, the first sociologist to speak up with a camera, took photographs of immigrants arriving at Ellis Islandshowing her adjustment to a new life. However, his most important works were on child exploitation in mines and textile factories. thanks to these images He managed to promote the Law for the labor protection of minors.
This intention of reform will be maintained in the decade of the 30s, also in the US, through the Farm Security Administration –a set of reforms and subsidies approved during the Roosevelt government with the aim of alleviating the damage caused by the crisis of 1929–. Within this program, a series of photographers were recruited to educate citizens, through images, of the need for said aid. stand out Dorothea Lange, Walker Evans either Margaret Bourke-Whiteamong others.
From documentary to photojournalism
After World War II, documentary photography lost some of its verve. However, photojournalism assumed its principles. The illustrated magazines, which were in full swing, were the ones that published topics of human interest.
Among the photographers of the end of the century we can highlight Sebastiao Salgado (Brazil, 1944). His main work has focused on showing the suffering of human beings who are going through situations of exile, emigration, ways of working or the misery of certain communities. He shows Western audiences what life is like in places where our eyes cannot reach. Along the same lines as those who started this field, we can mention the Spaniard Gervasio Sánchez, with your long-term project mined livesoh James Nachtwaywith his work in Afghanistan.
Today we can find photographers with the same concern who seek to persuade their contemporaries to change the world and mobilize consciences. In addition, it is already fully accepted that documentary filmmaking can present many possibilities and that it is not a closed formula.
Since the end of the 20th century, the meaning of the word documentary has been changing. Every time we find a greater diversity of proposalsalthough all of them coincide in their confidence in the communication capacity of photography.
It can be affirmed that the documentary with the idea of improving and stimulating responses is still valid and working. There are still photographers interested in reforming and in persuading their contemporaries of the need to set the world right. Photographers for whom documentary photography remains synonymous with commitment and reform. In short, they have not given up on utopia.
However, if there is a photographer, there must also be an audience that recognizes these images as documents, that is capable of making a documentary reading, giving meaning to the images and acting accordingly.
Obviously, it will depend on each person and the vital moment in which they are. Also, not all of us will be affected in the same way. However, in the end, as individuals, if we feel challenged by these photographs and move, even a little, we can do a lot of good.
Beatriz Guerrero González-ValerioProfessor of Photography and Aesthetics, CEU San Pablo University
This article was originally published on The Conversation. read the original.
